Diabetes

This topic provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes mellitus, emphasising its pathophysiology, classification into types 1 and 2, hallmark symptoms, and tailored management strategies. It outlines the types of insulin, including their onset, peak, and duration profiles. It addresses acute complications such as hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic nonketotic coma (HHNK), as well as chronic complications related to poor tissue perfusion and peripheral neuropathy. The content reinforces the importance of long-term glycaemic monitoring through haemoglobin A1C and integrates pharmacological, dietary, and lifestyle interventions to optimise patient safety and prevent morbidity.